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AYMAR AR YATIQAÑATAKI
(TO LEARN AYMARA/ PARA APRENDER AYMARA)
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by: M. J. HARDMAN,
JUAN DE DIOS YAPITA MOYA & JUANA VASQUEZ
Revision by M. J. Hardman and Francisco Mamani Cañazaca w/ Laura Martin-Barber, Lucy T. Briggs, & Nora England Aymara Language Materials Program, University of Florida |
Aymar Ar Yatiqañataki
Unidad I
Llegada a la comunidad Original por M. J. Hardman, Juan de Dios Yapita y Juana Vásquez Revisión por M. J. Hardman y Francisco Mamani Cañazaca Programa de Materiales de la Lengua Aymara Universidad de la Florida |
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DIALOGUE LEARNING SUGGESTIONS AND CULTURAL NOTES UNIT II UNIT III UNIT IV UNIT V UNIT VI UNIT VII UNIT VIII UNIT IX UNIT X UNIT XI UNIT XII |
PREFACE The materials to expected to be used during a two year period equaling four semesters. There are of thirteen units; four units in the first semester and three in each subsequent semester. They are numbered 1 through 12 - Unit II consists of two - IIP and IIQ. These materials were originally prepared with the goal of teaching the speaking and listening skills. The current revision gives attention to writing and reading as well. The dialogues are faithful reproductions
of normal Aymara conversations and situations. One difficulty with most
materials for a language like Aymara has been oversimplification to the
point of distortion and rudeness. It was felt by all concerned that having
full, accurate sentences at ones command would be better than having
a more analytical command of false Aymara. This means that some patterns
are introduced in dialogues before they can be drilled in exercises. You
should accept the language as it is, by sentences, learning to listen
without the overly analytical approach which, especially with graduate
students, can impede language learning. The course here presented is for
learning to speak the language-a course in the structure of Aymara is
a different course. The alphabet used was developed by the
linguist Juan de Dios Yapita Moya and represents the only alphabet ever
designed for Aymara by an Aymara speaker. It was also the first alphabet
to be used among the Aymara for personal purposes, such as letters from
one Aymara to another. The widespread use of this alphabet has led to
a number of Aymara publications and to literary productions. Currently
in use also in as alphabet identical the that of Yapita with the only
difference being the way in which aspiration is marked. Spelling is phonemic with only
the following exceptions: The variants -pini and -puni
may distribute geographically and/or may be in free variation. We have
written the forms indiscriminately, and they are read indiscriminately. Some morphemically long vowels are phonemically
short, some are optionally so (see Chapter IV of Gramática).
For those who speak Aymara natively, the marking of such vowels is optional.
In addition, vowels may be long at the paralinguistic level; these are
consistently marked by Aymara speakers in lieu of an exclamation point.
Because the problems are complex and because native reaction is variable,
absolute criteria have not been set up. The most appropriate markings
will become obvious with widespread use by the Aymara of the alphabet.
The result is that where a long vowel may be short, length is sporadically
marked. Some morphological geminate consonant
clusters reduce, e.g., tt>t, kk>k. We
have consistently written them double for the your sake, but the Aymara
do not always do so. Some consonant clusters root medially
vary in order by dialect. We have written each item as the person who
wrote that part of the materials says it. Others read as they speak, e.g.,
fish chawlla or challwa. Punctuation is provided approximately
according to the Spanish/English mode, especially with question marks.
Because sentence types are marked morphologically, Aymara speakers prefer
to use only the period with an occasional comma. Also, such marks as ?
and ! are always eliminated in quotations. The dialogue is presented sentence
by sentence with breakdowns which consist of vocabulary items and partial
structures relating to the sentence. The translations of the breakdowns
tend to be as literal as possible; the translations of complete sentences
attempt to be as situationally accurate as possible. Translations are
provided in both Spanish and English. Translations are not provided
for the exercises; only a translation for the frame is provided,
in both Spanish and English, at the head of the exercise. Spacing is used
to indicate the grammatical structure of the exercise. The review pages are ordinarily
dialogues and/or prose selections reviewing and/or summarizing the dialogue
material. Occasionally other material is included. PRESENTATION
OF UNIT The dialogue is presented in the following
fashion: The breakdowns for each sentence are
presented as follows for each one: Teacher:Aymara / Student:Aymara / Teacher:Aymara
/ Student:Aymara /Teacher:English / Student:Aymara / Teacher:Aymara /
Student:Aymara. The whole list is presented twice (or more if needed).
The same pattern is repeated with the starred breakdowns (if any). The
whole sentence is then presented in the same manner. If great difficulty
is experienced, return first to the starred breakdowns, then to all breakdowns,
if necessary. However, stumbling at the first repetition of the sentence
is to be expected. Part of the pleasure of learning a language like Aymara
is that which you feel when you have actually mastered what initially
appears as chaos. After original presentation of the sentence, return
to single repetitions of the breakdowns, without English. Then do the
sentence again, following the pattern above. You should now be ready to
repeat the sentence individually. Finally, you should each say the sentence.
The sentence is then memorized. Throughout, you will notice, you are never
asked to give the English for the Aymara; you either repeat Aymara or
give Aymara for English. Your goal is to react directly to the Aymara,
uncerstanding without translation. With each sentence that you learn, be
sure to repeat agian all of the preceding sentences. This step is essential
to obtain continuity. It is best to memorize the sentences first without
looking at the page. After learning, the page serves well as a mnemonic
device for home study. Ordinarily you can learn two pages in
one hour. The pages are so arranged that no breakdowns are on a page other
than that of the sentence to which they belong. It is well worthwhile
to go slowly enough through the early dialogues to insure overlearning. You may use the tapes and the pages to
jog your memory for evening review. After the first unit, you can listen
to the dialogue breakdown tape before coming to class, and thus the classroom
presentation will go more rapidly, leaving more time for drills, exercises,
and conversation. Interruptions for questions should be
limited; at this point conversation should be avoided. The day after completing
the memorization of the dialogue you should expect to recite the dialogue.
After you have recited the dialogue twice, once for each role, the rest
of the hour may be devoted to cultural conversation. This is your opportunity
to ask questions. The exercises are presented similarly
to the dialogue, first with repetition, then with response. The exercises are primarily question/answer
type, with some variation. Questions are basic to Aymara structure; using
questions drills the sentence suffixes; questions are a very natural way
to elicit forms, information, carry on dialogue. In class, the exercises should be repeated
at least once in the question and answer form. Use materials and people
around you, and any visual aids that may be available. When the answers
are coming easily, you may ask and answer each other. When you must be
corrected, it is suggested that someone else be asked to repeat the correct
form (kamsis jupax) in order to reinforce the correct form. Ordinarily, one or two exercises can
be presented in one hour. The exercises of any given set dovetail, so
that it is often possible to present more exercises per hour, however,
a maximum of one exercise SET should be presented in each hour, since
each set drills a separate grammatical point. On all exercise days, a pair of you will
be asked to recite the dialogue. It takes only five minutes or less if
the dialogue is well memorized. Since the exercises are based on sentences
in the dialogue, it also keeps the dialogue fresh for immediate reference,
and means that it is well enough learned to be available when patterns
not learned at the time are learned later. Also, on each exercise day, the exercises
from the previous days should be briefly reviewed, each of your asking
and answering one sample question. At the end of each unit there will be
at least one review day when free conversation, among other activities,
will be encouraged. The exercise review day should include all exercises
previously learned, in the current unit and all previous ones. Conversation day should concentrate on
information about yourselves and each other. You should ask each other
about personal experiences and/or those of fellow students. For some units,
such as IIP/IIQ, a spontaneous drama would be appropriate. For review day you should write a dialogue
of your own using the patterns you know. You should not go beyond what
you have learned. You should come prepared to recite your individual dialogue
with a colleague. Your greatest difficulty, peculiar to Aymara, is likely
to be in the adequate usage of the sentence suffixes. Some phonological problems that you
are likely to run into are the following:
Consonant Clusterssometimes
consonants which are not difficult along become so in clusters, e.g., The phonological analysis upon which
the exercises were based is found in Gramática Chapter III. |
PREFACIO El lingüista Aymara Juan de Dios Yapita Moya desarrolló
el alfabeto en que se presentan estos materiales; representa el único
alfabeto jamás desarrollado para el Aymara por una persona Aymara.
Es a la vez el primer alfabeto usado entre la gente Aymara para propósitos
personales, como cartas. El uso amplio de este alfabeto ha dado lugar
a varias publicaciones Aymara y a textos literarios. Actualmente, hay
en uso un alfabeto idéntico al desarrollado por Yapita con la única
diferencia en la manera de indicar aspiración. Los variantes -pini y -puni se distribuyen geográficamente
o pueden estar en variación libre. Los hemos escrito en forma indescriminadamente
e igualmente se pueden leer. Algunas vocales que son largas morfofonémicamente son fonémicamente
cortas, algunas en forma opcional (ver cap?tulo 4 de la Gramática).
Para hablantes nativos de Aymara, el marcar o no tales vocales es opcional.
Además, hay vocales que pueden ser largas al nivel paralingüístico;
hablantes nativos siempre marcan estas vocales, en vez de poner punto
exclamatoria. Porque los problemas son tan complejos y porque la reacción
nativa es variable, hasta ahora no hay criterio absoluto. Esto se resolverá
con el uso amplio del alfabeto con el tiempo. El resultado es que una
vocal larga puede ser corta, y la longitud de las vocales se marca esporádicamente. Algunos racimos geminados consonánticos que resultan de procesos
morfológicos se reduce, por ejemplo tt>t, kk>k.
Los hemos escrito de todos modos como racimos para el bien de quien estudia,
pero la gente Aymara no siempre lo hace. Algunos grupos consonánticos media de la raíz varían
en orden según la variedad de Aymara, por ejemplo, 'pescado' chawlla
o challwa. Puntuación se proporciona en forma aproximada según
el modelo Castellano/Inglés, sobre todo en cuanto a signos de interrogación.
En vista de que la clase de oración se marca en Aymara con sufijos
oraciones y otras marcas morfológicas, la gente Aymara prefieren
usar solamente el punto con una coma de vez en cuando. Y siempre eliminan
marcas tales como ? y ! dentro de citas textuales. El diálogo se presenta oración por oración
con parciales que consisten en vocabulario y estructuras parciales de
la oración. Las traducciones de las parciales se han hecho en la
forma más literal posible; las traducciones de las oraciones enteras
se han hecho más bien en forma situacional. Las traducciones siempre
se presentan tanto en castellano como en inglés; las de castellano
reflejan el castellano del ambiente Aymara. No se presentan traducciones para los ejercicios; solo se presenta
una traducción para el marco del ejercicio, igualmente en castellano
e inglés, al iniciar el ejercicio. Los espacios indican la estructura
gramatical del ejercicio. Las páginas de repaso son normalmente diálogos y/o textos que hacen repaso de la materia del diálogo original. A veces se incluye otra materia. PRESENTACION DE LA UNIDAD El diálogo se presenta in la siguiente forma: Con cada frase que aprende, repítala otra vez juntamente con
todas las oraciones anteriores. Este paso es esencial para lograr la continuidad.
Es bueno si puede repetir escuchando solamente el sonido y después
preocuparse de la forma de escribir la frase. Con una hora de trabajo concentrado se puede hacer más o menos
dos ejercicios. No se debe tratar de aprende más de un juego de
ejercicios por período de estudio. Si es posible sería bueno recitar el diálogo entre dos.
Para una sola persona es posible usar muñecas, haciéndose
teatro para los dos roles. Esto toma solo cinco minutos o menos si es
que el diálogo ha sido bien memorizado. Como los ejercicios están
basados en las oraciones del diálogo el recitar permite recordarlo
y lo mantiene fresco en la memoria permitiendo que la gramática
sea bien aprendida y memorizada. Cada día se revisará los ejercicios del día anterior
en forma breve respondiendo a la forma oral de la pregunta.
Metástasis de consonantes: Cuando una de las dos consonantes
medias es w o y o ll y el otro no es oclusiva, pueden ocurrir en cualquier
orden:
Secuencia de consonantes en una palabra, sobre todo donde la
secuencia contradice el orden inglés, por ejemplo, primero una
consonante simple seguida por una aspirada - qawq"a, kawk"atuqirux
- puede resultar muy difícil; también puede ser difícil
ir de velar a postvelar y viceversa dentro de una palabra. |